Alexandrovich Grand Duke Alexei of Russia
Early Life
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich with three of his brothers (from left to right): Alexander, Alexis Vladimir and Nicolas Tsarevich
The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Romanov of Russia was born in St. Petersburg January 14, 1850 (January 4 OS). It was the son of Emperor Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna. He was a younger brother of Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna Tsarevich Nicolas Alexandrovich, Alexander III of Russia, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia and he was an elder brother of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia and Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich.
Alexei Alexandrovich Grand Duke was destined for a career in the Navy since his childhood. At the age of 7 he received the rank of midshipman. The following year, Konstantin Nikolayevich Posyet was appointed his guardian. Well the winters were devoted to theoretical studies during the summers he was trained on the warships of the Russian Baltic Fleet stationed in St. Petersburg port. The training was tough, but gave him the opportunity to get used to different boats:
In 1860, Shtandart the yacht on a cruise to Petergof Livada [disambiguation needed]
18611863 Zabava in the yacht under the flag of Admiral Posyet-cons in the Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Bothnia
In 1864, the frigate Svetlana in the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea
In 1866, the frigate Oslyabya during a cruise Advanced Training for the Azore Islands.
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich in his youth
On September 18, 1866 Grand Duke Alexei was promoted to lieutenant. He continues his career as a naval officer aboard the frigate Alexander Nevsky on a cruise across the Mediterranean to Piraeus, where he attended the wedding of his cousin Olga Konstantinovna.
In 1868 he took a trip to southern Russia to travel by train from St. Petersburg to Nikolaevsk [disambiguation necessary], and continuing by boat down the Volga to Astrakhan. He then embarked on a military ship for a cruise on the Caspian Sea to Baku, [Petrovsk (Now Makhachkala), then to Iran. He then crossed the Caucasus and reached Poti, where Alexander Nevsky was moored. From there he sailed for Constantinople, Athens and Azore islands on the return voyage, the frigate was involved in a shipwreck off the coast of Jutland during a storm on the North Sea. Even if the ship was lost, the crew, including Alexei Alexandrovich was unharmed and can not may reach the shore.
Alexei Alexandrovich in January 1870 reached the age of majority in accordance with Russian legislation. The event was marked by taking two oaths: one military and the oath of allegiance of the Grand Dukes of the Imperial House of Russia. In June 1870 Alexei Alexandrovich began the last part of his training. This included a section on inland waterways with a steam engine on the road to Saint Petersburg Arkhangelsk in the system Mariinsk Canal and the Northern Dvina River. After visiting schools and industrial facilities Arkhangelsk He began his training in navigation in arctic conditions on board the corvette Variag. His speed has him Solovki Islands, via the White Sea and the Sea Barents Novaya Zemlya. The road continued in Kola Bay and the city of Murmansk, the northern ports of Norway and Iceland. He returned to Kronstadt at the end of September.
love affair with Alexandra Zhukovskaya
Alexandra Zhukovskaya
In 1869/1870, Alexei had an affair with Alexandra Zhukovskaya, daughter of the poet Vasily Zhukovsky Andreyevich, who was eight years older than him. They were parents of a son, Alexis, born November 26, 1871. Tsar Alexander He was strongly opposed to this relationship.
Some historians claim that they were married and that marriage morganatically was canceled by the Russian Orthodox Church, because, according to the "Basic Laws of the Imperial House", the marriage was illegal. However, articles 183 and 188, which prohibits marriages without your explicit consent of the emperor, were included in the basic laws that the revision 1887, under the Tsar Alexander III. The rules in effect in 1870 did not prohibit marriages mornaganatic but simply excluded from their offspring from succession to the throne. There no evidence either marriage or divorce. There is also no evidence that the Grand Duke has even asked permission to marry. As Zhukovskaya Alexandra, was not an aristocrat, and indeed, the daughter of an illegitimate son of a Russian landowner and a Turkish slave, such a marriage would have been unthinkable.
Overwhelmed by the case of his son, Alexander II had even refused to grant a title Zhukovskaya Alexandra, who officially recognized paternity Grand Duke, even if illegitimate. Other European courts have also refused to grant him a title. As a last resort, March 25, 1875 Alexandra was able to obtain the title of Baroness Seggiano of the Republic of San Marino, with the right to pass title to his son Alexei and his first-born descendants male. Only in 1883, Alexander III, the elder brother of the Grand Duke, Baron granted the title of Count Belevsky Seggiano, and in 1893 approved its image.
U.S. Tour
On board the frigate Svetlana
Travel U.S.
After the official visit to Saint Petersburg an American squadron under the command of Admiral David Farragut in 1867, a high-level visit of the Russian Navy has been considered by the government Russian. After lengthy negotiations it was decided that the Russian delegation would be led by Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich. The announcement official visit was made June 29, 1871 by Nikolay Karlovich Krabbe, Minister of the Imperial Russian Navy.
The Russian squadron under the command of Konstantin Nikolayevich Posyet Admiral aboard the frigate Bogalye included the frigates and Svetlana General-Admiral, the Commander Abrek Ignatiev and the gunboat. The Grand Duke served as a lieutenant aboard the Svetlana. Before arriving in the United States, the Russian squadron was to be achieved by the Commander of the Russian Fleet Vsadnik Pacific. While all ships were equipped with steam engines, the squadron made the passage to America primarily for sailing, so to avoid the port on the route of coal deliveries. Except for the Grand Duke personal staff, the crew included 200 officers and 3,000 sailors. The squadron sailed from Kronstadt, August 20, 1871.
The first squadron arrested in Copenhagen, where the Grand Duke paid a visit to King Christian IX of Denmark. In the Channel, the Russians were greeted by a squadron of the Royal Navy and escorted to Plymouth, where the Grand Duke was greeted by the Duke of Edinburgh Alfred of Saxe-Coburg. A visit to Balmoral Castle was planned but had to be canceled because the prince of Wales was very sick and Queen Victoria extremely worried. The Russian squadron set sail from Plymouth on September 26. and en route to New York, stopped for a few days Funchal (Madeira), leaving on October 9.
The Russian fleet was greeted by an American squadron under the command of Vice Admiral Stephen Clegg Rowan Port Admiral New York hoist its flag on the frigate Congress. Admiral Samuel Phillips Lee, commander of the North Atlantic Squadron participated in its own flagship Severn. Other ships of the squadron were the Iroquois and Kansas, attended by several tugs.
A reception committee was formed in New York, chaired by William Henry Aspinwall. Among the committee members were Moses H. Grinnell, General Irwin McDowell, Theodore Roosevelt, father-cons SW Admiral Godon, John Taylor Johnston, Albert Bierstadt, Lloyd Aspinwall, and others. After a short delay due to weather, the squadron Russian anchored in the port of New York November 21, 1871, when the Grand Duke was greeted by Gen. John Adams Dix. A military parade was held in city. The Grand Duke then attended a service of thanksgiving in the chapel of Russia.
Reception by President Grant
On 22 November, the Grand Duke went to Washington by special train, made available by the railroad in New Jersey and Transportation Company. The train had three cars: the Commissioner "with all the improvements of a modern hotel, including the store-rooms and cellar, the "Ruby", dining car room to accommodate 28 persons, with kitchen, coolers, and a sort of wine cellar, and "Kearsarge" is used as sitting down and reading room.
On 23 November, the Grand Duke was received by President Ulysses S. President Grant and wife Julia Grant's daughter Nellie Grant also attended. Most cabinet members were present at the meeting: Hamilton Fish U.S. Secretary of State, Columbus Delano United States Secretary of the Interior his wife, Amos Tappan Akerman U.S. Attorney General with his wife, George S. Boutwell U.S. Treasury Secretary, George Maxwell Robeson U.S. Secretary Navy, General Frederick Dent Tracy (the president's brother in law and military secretary), John Creswell Postmaster General of the United States as well as general Horace Porter and Orville E. Babcock.
The Grand Duke arrived in 13 hours with Minister Katakazi, Admiral Posyet and other members of his suite. Chairman and cabinet members received them in the blue room where presentations were made. The President then escorted the Grand Duke in the Red Room where He was introduced to the ladies. The interview lasted only fifteen minutes, after which the Grand Duke left.
The visit to Washington was overshadowed by President Grant discontent caused by the Russian government's refusal to recall Konstantin Katacazi, Minister Plenipotentiary of Russia to the United States. The visit to Washington together lasted one day. No entertainment notice was given to Washington for the Grand Duke, but for all other visits by members of royal families in the White House, formal dinners were held. These dinners have been held when President John Tyler received François d'Orléans, prince de Joinville, where Abraham Lincoln was awarded the Prince Napoleon Joseph Bonaparte and even Ulysses S. Grant received Kamehameha V, King of the Sandwich Islands. The evening of the visit to the White House, the Grand Duke and his entourage dined with the Minister Katakazi residence, the only official U.S. General Porter to be. Upon his departure, the Grand Duke was asked if he intended to return to Washington. Although has expressed interest to return during a session of Congress, the diplomatic relations difficult due Minister Katakazi prevented this from happening. It There were also expectations that a treaty of military alliance between the U.S. and Russia will be signed during the meeting, but this was not the case.
The next day, the Grand Duke left by train for Annapolis, where he visited the Naval Academy, later returning to New York.
In Farragut the shrouds of the Hartford at the battle of Mobile Bayr Print> after painting by William Page, presented to Grand Duke Alexei as a gift to Tsar Alexander II
East Coast
In New York, the Grand Duke visited the Brooklyn Navy Yard, Fort Wadsworth and the fortifications on Governors Island. He also reviewed the Fire Services in Tompkins Square. A highlight was the trip by steamboat on the Hudson to visit the United States Military Academy, West Point.
Several balls were held in his honor, the largest being the great balls in the yard of the Navy and the Academy of Music. Alexei also attended the opera Faust and Mignon in the Academy of Music. He also visited a session shopping, stop at the AT Stewart and the stores where he bought Tiffany jewelry and bronze statues.
On December 2, 1871, a ceremony was held National Academy of Design, where the Grand Duke was received by Samuel FB Morse, William Stoddard, William Page, Albert Bierstadt and others artists. The painting Farragut in the shrouds of the Hartford at the battle of Mobile Bay by William Page was awarded the Grand Duke Alexei as a gift from the citizens of New York for Tsar Alexander II. General John Adams Dix presented the image and accompanying scroll, with a brief speech in which he expressed the hope that it would further cement the union that existed between the U.S. and Russia. The painting was placed on the vessel's flag Russia for transportation to Russia.
On December 3, 1871, the Grand Duke Alexei left for Philadelphia, where he was received by General George Meade and Admiral Turner. He visited Girard College, Baird Locomotive Works and the Navy Yard. He was particularly interested in the Fair Methodist Hotel horticulture, where the ladies presented him an Afghan Hound. .
From December 7 to December 14, the Grand Duke Alexei arrested Boston, Massachusetts, where he stayed at the home of Paul Revere. The carriage which drove President Lincoln during his visit to Boston, was prepared for the Grand Duke. He was officially welcomed at the Town Hall and the State House. During his stay, the Grand Duke visited the University Harvard and the suburbs of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and various public schools in the Boston area, be widely informed about the education system U.S.. Other highlights were the battle of Bunker Hill and the visit to the shipyards of Charlestown, Massachusetts.
The Grand Duke also attended a music festival where 1,200 school children made the big chorus. During the festival, a big welcome March, specially composed by Julius Eichberg and is dedicated to HIH, was presented
A ball in honor of the Grand Duke was held at the Theatre of Boston. Verification Estimates show that the cost of the bullet was $ 14,678.58 (equivalent to $ 750,000 today), only $ 8,916.29 will be covered by the sale bills and other receipts
Detour to Canada
On 17 December, the Grand Duke took the train in Canada. He was first arrested in Montreal where he had breakfast with the mayor of the city and then visited Lachine, Quebec, it then passes through Ottawa and Toronto, finally reaching Clifton Hill (Niagara Falls), 22 December 1871 by the Great Western Railway. On his way, the train stopped in Hamilton, Ontario, where he received a telegram from Queen Victoria, notifying him that the Prince of Wales had recovered from his illness. Clifton Hill's party left the sleds for a visit Niagara Falls. Having dressed in a suit of oil on the skin for fishermen at sea, the party also went under the falls. The Grand Duke then crossed the Niagara River over the new suspension bridge, then visited the U.S. part of the fall.
Newspaper cartoon buffalo hunt of the Grand Duke
Visit the Midwest
On 23 December, the Grand Duke Alexei left by train for Buffalo, New York, where he spent Christmas. At Christmas Day, he went to the opera to see the British PAREP Rosa Opera Company. After the show, he sent soprano Euphrosyne PAREP Rosa-studded bracelet turquoise and diamonds. On 26 December, the Grand Duke arrived in Cleveland, where he visited factories, iron and other plants in Newburgh Heights, Ohio. He then reviewed the Cleveland Fire Department and visited the inventors of the National Exhibition. He then stopped en route to Detroit to Chicago, where he arrived Dec. 30. The city was recovering from the great fire. Medwill Joseph, Mayor of Chicago, wrote to Grand Duke:
"We have little but ruins exihibit DBRIS and a great and beautiful city and a people struggling with adversity intrepid to relieve their overwhelming woes. "
The Grand Duke visited the destroyed part of the city and was impressed by the pace of reconstruction. He gave $ 5000 USD (equivalent to $ 250,000 today) gold for the Homeless Chicago, Illinois. As an irony, the same day, the Grand Duke Alexei arrival in Chicago, a special grand jury indicted thirteen members the city's Common Council [disambiguation needed] on charges of corruption. Grand Duke Alexei also visited the stockyards and processing plant pig.
As the Tremont House Hotel was burned to the ground, the Grand Duke was greeted in the new house Tremont, which opened on Michigan Avenue, where he received the "Freedom of the City." The New Year's Day General Philip Sheridan he was introduced to the American custom of making "New An invite the ladies. "From January 2 to January 4, Grand Duke Alexei visited Milwaukee, Wisconsin, January 5 he arrived in St. Louis, Missouri, where he remained more than a week.
In St. Louis, Grand Duke Alexis attended a burlesque show where Buebeard Lydia Thompson, an actress of 36 years, sang a song "If ever I cease to love." It is claimed that the Grand Duke was fascinated by both the actress and the song. Apparently she had also sang the private number for the Duke for an appointment. Lydia Thompson was not the only woman to attract the attention of the Duke, while in St. Louis, Alexei became particularly enamored of one of his dance partners, a lady named Sallie Shannon Lawrence, Kansas.
Finally, January 12 he arrived in Omaha, Nebraska
The bison of the Great Royal
Color by Louis Maurer (1895)
Hunting trip
Preparations hunting was extensive and was conducted under the command of General Joel Palmer. Two companies of infantry in wagons, two companies Cavalry regimental band of cavalry, biting, shepherds the night, couriers, cooks have been mobilized for the event.
The Grand Duke in the company of General Philip Sheridan, Gen. Edward Ord, and General George Armstrong Custer, the latter having been selected Grand Marshall of the hunt, arrived at Fort McPherson January 13, 1872, by a special train provided by the Pennsylvania Railroad. They were greeted by an enthusiastic crowd, led by William Frederick Cody (Buffalo Bill knows that). After the speeches, the party of Duke went to the hunting grounds.
Duke and General Sheridan is mounted in a carriage drawn by four horses. William Frederick Cody escorted the game with five ambulances, a car light luggage, three cars of the "royal champagne and spirits" and fifteen to twenty extra saddle horses. A relay of horses was introduced in Medicine Creek, about halfway through the camp, where the party stopped for lunch. The journey then continued they called "Camp Alex" the Red Willow Creek. The 2d Cavalry Band was up and listening, "Hail to the Chief" was played during the Grand Duke is happened. The entire trip covered about 50 miles and lasted about eight hours.
The camp consisted of two hospital tents (one tent used as dining room), wall tents ten tents for officials and soldiers. Three tents were floored wall and the Grand Duke was lined Oriental rugs. Box Sibley stoves and cookers have been provided for tents.
Cody had discussed the shooting with Spotted Tail, chief of the Lakota Brul, who had agreed to meet the chief "large across the water that came there to visit him." About 600 warriors of the Sioux tribes different, led by Spotted Tail, War Bonnet, Black Hat, Red Leaf, Whistler and Pawnee Killer, gathered in the Grand Duke welcomes the hunting camp. They were provided with ten thousand rations of flour, sugar, coffee, and 1,000 pounds of tobacco of their sentences – twenty-five cars in all.
At the beginning of the game, Spotted Tail, dressed a costume, it didn shape, with a military belt upside down and look extremely awkward was introduced to the Grand Duke. Then the head India shook hands and welcomed the Grand Duke with the customary "how."
Alexei for the amusement of the Indians have held exercises of horsemanship, -throwing and bow-shot. Then there was a mock fight, showing how Indian war, closing with a great war dance. It was noted that the Grand Duke Alexei devoted considerable attention to a beautiful Indian girl. Fearing that his mother, Empress Maria Alexandrovna, could receive reports from its flirtations, he wrote from St. Louis: "Regarding my success with American women which so much is written in the newspapers, I can say openly, this is completely absurd. They looked at me from the beginning as they would look like a wild animal, a beast like a crocodile or other unusual. ".
However, a conflict broke out when General Custer, probably after drinking too much champagne, made overtures crude Spotted Tail daughter is 16, pretty. Alexei was able to calm the fight with donations of blankets red and green, ivory-handled hunting knives and a large bag of silver dollars. A council official has been held in dozens Sheridan and a peace pipe was passed around. Spotted Tail took the opportunity to press his demand for the right free to hunt south of the Platte River and more than one store where the trade.
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich kill a buffalo with a pistol on January 15, 1872
Buffalo Hunting
Hunting big game took place on the Grand Duke 22nd birthday, January 14, 1872. For hunting the Duke wore a jacket and cotton trousers Heavy gray, trimmed with green buttons with the Russian imperial coat of arms. He wore his boots outside his trousers to the EU, which was unusual for his American hosts. Alexei was a hunting knife Russian and an American revolver, bearing coats of arms of the United States and Russia on the handle, which he had recently received as a gift. The hunting party approached bison herd several miles to the Red Willow Creek. Grand Duke William Cody rolled celebrated horse buffalo Buckskin Joe ", who had been trained to drive at full gallop with a goal so the shooter could be better made. Once a herd of buffalo was seen about two miles away, Alexei wanted to make a charge, but was hampered by William Cody. The party moved to the wind and gradually approached the flock. In a hundred yards of the buffalo on the run, the Grand Duke, not used to shooting from a horse at full gallop, fired, but missed. Cody came close to Alexei, he was given his own famous .48 caliber rifle, "Lucretia" one with which he claimed to have killed 4,200 buffaloes and advised him not to shoot until the flank of the buffalo. When Alexei tried again, he brought down his game The skin of dead buffalo was carefully removed and dress, the Grand Duke took home a souvenir of his hunting on the western plains. Twenty to thirty animals were killed on the first day of hunting. The party returned early in camp, where there was a liberal supply of champagne and other beverages provided and the evening passed in the style border.
The next morning, Spotted Tail asked him hunting next two Lance, head of the Sioux Tribe Nakota, so he can see a demonstration of how the Indian hunting. Entry to a herd of buffalo, Two Lance demonstrated his ability by killing a large animal with an arrow that passed entirely through the body of the buffalo running. The arrow has been retained and restored Alexei. The Grand Duke killed two buffalo, one of them at 100 paces with a pistol.
After the hunt, when returning to Fort McPherson, General Sheridan suggested that William Cody take the reins and show the old style of Alexei step driving in the plains with horses galloping. The ambulance bounded on the heavy rough grassland, while the occupants could hardly keep their seats. Grand Duke Alexei was happy with his hunting trip. When he and Cody parted at Fort McPherson, he presented Cody with a fur coat and expensive cuff links.
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich and General George Armstrong Custer in Topeka, at the end of the buffalo hunt
From there, the train continued in Denver where the Grand Duke arrived on January 17. While in Denver, he attended a ball in honor sponsored by the Pioneer Club and visited some mines. Alexei apparently loved the sport he had just learned to hunt bison and again near Colorado Springs, on his return trip from Denver to Kansas St. Louis. However, horses used for hunting in eastern Colorado were cavalry mounts and not in the habit of buffalo hunters have several injured during the resulting confusion. Alexei was unhurt and managed to kill as many as 25 buffaloes. He even learned a little more the train on the track in western Kansas to Topeka, which was concluded on January 22. It is alleged that when they reached St. Louis, supply Part of caviar and champagne have been exhausted.
General Custer has become one of the best friends of Duke. He accompanied the Duke and his entourage by Kansas, St. Louis, New Orleans, and finally to Florida. They continued to correspond with each other until the death of Custer.
United States, hunting is known as "The Great Royal Buffalo Hunt". From 2000, the Hayes Center, Nebraska organizes annually Grand Duke Alexis Rendezvous "with a reconstruction of the buffalo hunt.
Grand Duke Alexei received as a gift of Chief Spotted Tail wigman an Indian and a bow and arrows. The Grand Duke has returned to St. Petersburg. At present they are kept in the museum of Tver. In memory of his adventures in America Grand Duke organizes each year a special animation. The players arrived at a tent city in the old cars pulled by heavy horses. On Lake palace, there was "Indian" canoe. Men with swords and tomahawks danced with women dressed in long skirts old. Performance is expected give a picture of the presence of the Old American West.
Southern States
In St. Louis, the Grand Duke made a short visit to Cincinnati, Ohio January 26 January 28 he went by train to Louisville, Kentucky, where he visited the Mammoth Cave He continued his journey by boat, arriving February 2, 1872 Memphis Tennessee aboard the Great Republic. After visiting the city he left Feb. 8 aboard James Howard and after a stop in Vicksburg, he finally arrived in New Orleans
Poster of the Rex parade, 1872
Visit New Orleans
In New Orleans, the Grand Duke Alexis Alexandrovich attended the celebration of Mardi Gras 1872, where he was the guest of honor at the inaugural parade reviewing Rex.
There are many legends related to the visit the Grand Duke in New Orleans. Although it has been said that leaders of local businesses had planned the first Day parade to honor the Grand Duke, but it was not true. New Orleans was struggling to recover from the lingering effects civil war. At the same time, city leaders saw the need to bring order to the chaotic street parades of Mardi Gras. They had planned all along the parade and took the opportunity to capitalize on the visit of Grand Duke. A notable new fraternity was formed, calling itself the School of Design and its leader should be Rex (the organization is now known as "Rex Organization). The group young men who founded the Rex Organization hopes not only to entertain the Grand Duke, but also to create a parade of day would be interesting and fun for the citizens of the city and their guests. They chose one of their members, Lewis J. Solomon, the fundraising organization for the first Rex King carnival. Before he could begin his reign he had to borrow a crown, scepter, and the costume of Lawrence Barrett, a distinguished Shakespearean actor who was performing Richard III at the Theatre of Varieties.
Meanwhile, Lydia Thompson tower had reached New Orleans and the burlesque of Bluebeard was organized at the Music Academy at St. Charles Avenue. The engagement rumors between the Grand Duke and the actress had reached New Orleans were amplified and especially to ensure a full house. The duke had already seen the show and was a no-show, exit at the Jockey Club. In addition, preferences Grand Duke had changed and he was fascinated by the diminutive actress Lotta Crabtree was one of the main roles in the play The Little Detective. Although the meeting was brief, Alexis sent a diamond bracelet, opal and pearls in Memphis, his next step after New Orleans.
The duke, however, attended the Rex parade. According to legend, the song "If ever I cease to love", was chosen as the anthem of the parade Rex because he claimed to be the Duke favorite music. In fact, the silly song was written by George Leybourne and published in London in 1871. The song was popular in New Orleans, long before the first Rex parade in 1872. local adaptation of the song was probably EC is local journalist whose newspaper Hancock had already published a parody of the song in 1871. The lyrics have been adapted for the occasion and replaced by:
"May the Grand Duke Alexis
Ride a buffalo in Texas
If ever I cease to love "
The Grand Duke never ridden a buffalo Texas, Nebraska, but doesn rhyme with Alexis.
It is also stated that the Grand Duke also had the honor of choosing the official colors of Mardi Gras and using the heraldic traditions, selected purple for justice, green for faith and gold for power. The claim that it is colors of the Romanov family, however, is erroneous.
The parade Grand Duke attended, bears little resemblance to present day parades. Rex rode a horse, not a float and the parade that followed was made up largely of informal masks and walkers. There were, however, bands stopped and played the Russian national anthem in honor of the grand duke. But many traditions such as the selection of Rex, King of the parade, the anthem Rex, colors parade dates back to the visit of Grand Duke.
The Russian fleet sailed from Pensacola, Florida February 22, 1872. It is claimed that hundreds pounds of frozen buffalo meat were carefully stowed on board.
While Libbie Custer, wife of General Custer, the vintage Duke was more interested in "pretty girls and music" as he crossed the country, Alexei does spend most of his time trying gain an understanding of the country.
Good Mission to Japan
The trip to the Far East
On the way back to the Russian squadron was First arrested in Havana, Cuba, where he reached Feb. 29. At that time, Cuba was still a Spanish colony in the midst of the War of Ten Years against the insurgents, who had tried to declare independence island. Although fighting continued in the west part of the island against the rebels under the command of Carlos Manuel de Cspedes, hostilities did not stop the governor Blas Villate, Earl of Valmaceda to receive the Grand Duke with full honors. During his stay in Havana, balls were held every evening. Alexei also attended the opera Crispino e la Comare Martha and the Grand Theater of Havana where, early in the piece, the opera chorus sang the Russian national anthem. The Grand Duke also visited the works of the Canal de Vento (now called Acueducto of Albear) to supply water to the city, saw a cockfight in the city of Marianao and a bullfight in the Plaza de Torros "of Havana. In the following days he also went to the river valley Yumuri and the city of Matanzas
The Russian squadron then arrested in Rio de Janeiro, where he arrived June 3, 1872. The Grand Duke entertained the Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and the court Imperial aboard Svetlana. The emperor awarded him the Imperial Order of Braziliam Dom Pedro I. The Grand Duke looked a bit disappointed and said he had hoped for the Imperial Order of the Rose, a lower order, because he had never seen a more beautiful order. Pedro II awarded him graciously both levels. Subsequently, he spent several days in Brazil, leaving June 9
Sailing to the Far East, the squadron ended Cape Town, Batavia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Shanghai
Telegram sent by the Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich to Tsar Alexander II, confirming the visit of the Emperor Japanese
Tour of Japan
On October 15, 1872, the Russian squadron cast anchor in the port of Nagasaki, where he was greeted by the governor. The program of the Grand Duke included a gala dinner in his honor, visits to the surrounding countryside and a tournament best 60 wrestlers from Japan. October 22 Alexei and his team visited a small Inas village where a Russian colony lived. The delegation visited two hotels Russians called "Kronstadt" and "Moscow" and the cemetery Russian.
The Russian squadron left Nagasaki on October 24, the next port of call as Kobe, where the Grand Duke was greeted by the new Governor of the province. The Russians were surprised by the jinrikshas they saw for the first time. They use rickshaws for their trip to the water Nunobeki is located in the proximity of the city. Grand Duke Alexei also attended a show at the local theater in Kobe.
November 1st Wing Russian sail for Yokohama. The Grand Duke was greeted by Prince Arisugawa Taruhito the daijin Daiji (Chancellor of the Kingdom) who escorted him to the castle Edo. Alexei met at the castle Soejima Taneomi Chief Gaimush (MFA). who has arranged for accommodation and entertainment the Russian delegation. November 5th, the Grand Duke was officially received by Emperor Meiji of Japan.
The Emperor Meiji introduced his portrait a gift to the Tsar, the first time a Japanese emperor portrait was given to a stranger, and requested a portrait of Alexander II in return. Great Prince Alexeis promised to send the portrait on his return to St. Petersburg, and when he came aboard Svetlana, sent his own portrait to thank the Mikado. The continued exchange and the next day, the Emperor sent over the portraits of his wife and mother.
On November 9, Alexei and saw the parade of Mikado Japanese armed forces, and on his return to the palace, he was presented to the Empress Masako. After Within days, the Mikado, at the invitation of Grand Duke The Mikado went to Yokohama to see the Russian squadron. Following the intervention of Grand Duke 34 Japanese Christians were pardoned and released by the Mikado.
On November 26 the Russian squadron to sail to reach the base of Vladivostok Fleet Russian Pacific, Dec. 5 about a year and a half after leaving Kronstadt. He then returned to St. Petersburg across Siberia
Duke Alexei Alexandrovich's palace on the Quai Saint-Petersburg Moika Grand
Duke Alexei Alexandrovich's Palace Grand
After his return from America, Grand Duke Alexei was concerned about an appropriate residence. He bought an old building located at 122 river bank to Moika Saint Petersburg. The building has been completely redesigned and rebuilt by the architect Maximilian Messmacher with a total area of 9,200 sq.m. It is considered as one of the most interesting examples of eclectic architecture in St. Petersburg. The architect has used a different style for each facade. The wrought iron fence and stone surrounding the palaces and gardens is also an interesting feature. The central doors are still decorated with the monogram Grand-Duc, whose meaning has been neglected by Soviet authorities. In 1910, part of the gardens were sold for the construction of a plant candy. Although the palace has been declared a national monument in 1968, it remained in disrepair for many years. At Currently, the palace is being restored. It will open in December 2008 that the House of Music.
Military Career
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of the uniform Admiral of the Russian General
In 1873, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich was appointed head of the Imperial Guard ship. It was also appointed member of the Section for shipbuilding and naval artillery of the Russian naval commission.
During the Russo-Turkish War (18771878), He was promoted to commander of the Russian Navy on the Danube. On January 9, 1878, he was honored with the Order of St. George the fourth degree for "tireless and successful management of naval forces and equipment June 14, 1877 for the construction and maintenance of bridges and boats crossing Zimnicea, Pietroani and Nikopol and the success measures to protect those crossing the destruction by enemy forces. "
In 1880 he was promoted to adjutant general. In 1882, after the accession of Tsar Alexander III on the throne, Alexander III, Alexei has been appointed Head of the Department of the Navy, replacing Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich. In 1883 he was also appointed Chief Admiral of the Imperial Russian fleet. Although control over day to day business of the army is limited, Alexei is involved in naval and military planning. His influence on the Tsar gave him a powerful say in strategic decisions.
Besides being at the head of the fleets of Russia, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich was also the head the marine corps, the Guard Regiment Moskow, the infantry regiment 37-th Yekaterinburg, the 77-th Tenginsk Infantry Regiment, and the 17-th Infantry Regiment of the East Siberia.
As commander in chief of the navy, the main concern of the Grand Duke was the ongoing modernization of the fleet, taking into account the rapid technological advances. During his tenure, he secured a five-fold increase of the budget of the navy. He been able to launch a series of pre-dreadnought battleships that were replacing old ships battleships. Thus, it has contributed to equipment Russian navy warships with several different classes:
Peresviet class, inspired by the British battleship HMS Centurion.
Class Borodino based on a French design by the shipyards of La Seyne-sur-Mer
Petropavlovsk class designed to Galerniy Yard, St. Petersburg
Class Navarino, on the battleship Trafalgar class British
He also had more class battleships Imperator Aleksandr II rebuilt by the Fench La Seyne court. He also put into service new cruisers (including the cruiser Aurora).
The Grand Duke was instrumental in modernizing the Russian navy. rebuilt and developed military ports of Sevastopol, Alexander III Livada (now Liepja, Latvia) and Port Arthur, the increase in the number of meters from the sea and extended the Drydock Kronstadt, Vladivostok and Sevastopol. He also reorganized the navy, laying down various qualifications shipbuilding, drafting rules for the service long rewarding first and second ship captains, restructuring of the Corps of Engineers and Mechanical Engineers Navy, the increase in the number of officers and crew.
When tensions rose in the Far East, the Grand Duke ordered Alexei transfer additional ships at Port Arthur, including the battleship Petropavlovsk.
Academician Russian naval engineer Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov shows that, despite these achievements, there were serious drawbacks in the activities the Grand Duke. There is no strategic planning and ships were not built according to their expected role in the fleet. There were too many vessels of various types. The vessels were designed mainly by copying those of foreign navies, and are therefore technologically 67 years old when they were launched. Their armor and equipment was often inadequate.
The Grand Duke seems to have realized some of these gaps. He decided to have more than one type of battleships and having designed abroad to meet the needs of the Russian Navy. However, if the Grand Duke was an admirer of the British navy, new battleships were designed in France and had a bad design. The new class battleship Borodino had tumblehome hulls and were unstable, with a center gravity high. Disadvantages proved fatal for the Russian Navy.
At the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, the Federation Russian First Pacific Squadron was able to resist the Japanese attack during the Battle of the Yellow Sea. However, the squadron was destroyed during the Battle of Port Arthur and the Baltic Fleet, sent to the building has been completely defeated at the Battle of Tsushima. June 2 1905 OS, the Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich was relieved of his command and retired.
Life in the Russian court
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich and Duchess of Leuchtenburg
His critics talked of Alexei's life "as consisting of" women of fast and slow ships, in reference to his womanizer and the defeat of the Russian navy by the Japanese. This statement is not justified because, despite all the drawbacks, its contribution modernization of the Russian Navy has been outstanding. Far from his office Alexei has devoted his time to good things in life. It receives generous and collected fine silver and other works of art to decorate his palace. Sometimes, he designed his own clothes. A womanizer, he spent holiday in Paris or Biarritz, each time in the company of a different lady.
Around the late 1880s he began a famous case of the Duchess of Leuchtenberg morganatic wife of one of his cousins. Zinaida Skobelyeva born, "Zina" was a woman of striking beauty who had married Eugeni Leuchtenberg as his second wife in 1870. Alexander II made her Countess de Beauharnais and Alexander III has high to Serene Highness and the Duchess of Leuchtenburg. Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich was so smitten with her that he conducted an affair openly, under her husband's roof and his knowledge. Eugeni Leuchtenberg drank away his fortune, and for years he lived and Zenaida generosity of her cousin. Even after the death of his wife in 1899, the Duke continued to live under the roof of Alexis.
Besides his military duties, the Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich was also President of the Imperial Commission for the Promotion of Ballet.
In 1904, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich was one of the sponsors of the Tsarevich Alexei, the other sponsors being the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, King Christian IX of Denmark, Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse, Princess Victoria of Prussia, Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna, Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich, Olga Nikolaevna Grand Duchess. Moreover, all soldiers serving in the army during the Russo-Japanese sponsors have been reported to Alexei.
Death
After the assassination of his brother Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia in February 1905 and retired in disgrace from the Navy in June of the same year, Alexei Alexandrovich spent most of his time in a house in Paris that he had bought in 1897. In his house on Avenue Gabriel, he kept the door open for writers, painters, actors and actresses in particular. He had always been less interested in the military and in art and fashion, and he had long been recognized as a connoisseur of social life, artistic and literary Paris. His body mass was a familiar sight in restaurants and theaters, especially on first nights. His last public appearance, a week before his death, was at the rehearsal Generally a new play at the Vaudeville. Decades of comfort and good living has finally taken its toll on the Grand Duke of health. He died of pneumonia in Paris on November 27 (November 14 SO) 1908. His death would have devastated the Tsar Nicolas II, his nephew, who reportedly said that his uncle Alexei preferred. In 2006, the newspaper of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich was found at the National Library of Russia as well as funds Yussupov. The newspaper, written in English, begins in 1862 and ends in 1907. It has not yet been published.
Popular culture
hunting in western Grand Duke is alluded to in the film version of Maverick, with Mel Gibson. In the film, the Duke was shaken after he has grown bored with hunting animals, into thinking he killed an Indian.
It is also described by Boris Akunin's novel "The coronation of the last Romanov (,) where it is presented as the character Georgi Alexandrovich.
In 1973, Lucky Luke book The Grand Duke has a Russian Grand Duke visiting the Wild West.
Notes
Abcd ^ .. – - () –
^ Jacques Ferrand – natural descendants of the Sovereign and Grand Dukes of Russia 1762 1910, Paris, 1995
^ Jacques Ferrand – The families of counts of lncien Russian Empire, Paris, 1999
^ 1797 the basic laws of Emperor Paul I of Russia.
^ Ab Stanislaw Duminique – The Romanovs and the Republic of San Marino
^ Slice question. Confirmation of the visit to the Grand Duke of America New York Times, June 30, 1871
^ Grand Duke Alexis. His departure for America Out In August, the fleet assembling Kronstadt Programme likely. The New York Times, May 16, 1871
Preparations for the Tour ^ American Grand Duke. The New York Times, June 19, 1871
Grand Duke Alexis ^. Departure of His Imperial Highness Kronstadt. He is in command of a squadron the Royal. The New York Times, August 21, 1871
^ Impose receipt of the Grand Duke Alexis in Plymouth. The English tendering him a fleet Imperial hello. Festival at the Royal Navy Club House. The Duke of Edinburgh receives his Royal cousin. London preparations for the reception of the duke. The New York Times September 18, 1871
^ Start of the Russian fleet in New York The New York Times, September 27, 1871
^ The Russian Front. Alexis is not yet happened. Dates in Madeira The New York Times, October 29, 1871
Official Reception Encounters Prince Alexis ^. The New York Times, October 4, 1871
^ Reception coming of the Grand Duke Alexis. – The New York Times, April 27, 1871
Honors for Alexis ^. A cordial welcome to the Grand Duke of Russia. The New York Times November 22, 1971
^ The Board Administration of the Mary Powell. The Grand Duke of receipt by the Board of New York Times November 21, 1871
^ On the Mary Powell. Reception of Grand Duke the Times New York November 22, 1871
^ The Grand Duke. From New York to the national capital. A special train service during the visit. Enthusiastic Reception by the people of Baltimore. Safe arrival of visitors to Washington. The New York Times November 23, 1871
White House ab ^ – royal guests Titled, 1908
^ The Grand Duke pays his respects to the President. – The New York Times, November 24, 1871
^ The city of Brooklyn. Grand Naval Ball. Honors for Grand Duke Alexis to the Brooklyn Navy Yard The New York Times, November 24, 1871
^ Arrival in this city. The Grand Duke reached this city program time set for the week ahead. The New York Times, November 25, 1871
^ The Grand Duke Visits federal military fortifications. . The New York Times, November 25, 1871
^ A quiet Sunday for Grand Duke and his party. The New York Times, November 27, 1871
^ The Grand Duke. His movements Yesterday, the New York Times November 28 1871
Prince Alexis ^. Yesterday, the festivities in honor of the Grand Duke. The New York Times, November 29, 1871
^ How Alexis spent the day an excursion Shopping The New York Times, November 30, 1871
^ Visit of Grand Duke. A trip to West Point, The New York Times December 2, 1871
^ The Opera season in New York Times, December 2, 1871
Alexis ^ Grand Duke. How he spent his time yesterday and last night. Image presentation Farragut Admiral's The New York Times December 3, 1871
^ The Grand Duke: Reception in Philadelphia on New York Times, December 5, 1871
^ Return of the Grand Duke The New York Times, December 6, 1871
^ Duke Alexis in Boston The New York Times, December 9, 1871
^ Alexis visits the Boston public schools He asked for statistics, reports, and rules and regulations The New Times York December 13, 1871
^ The Russian prince-How he spent his second day in Boston. Details on the Ball The New York Times, December 10, 1871
^ Ball Boston costs in honor of the Grand Duke the New York Times, December 20, 1871
^ Brevitas Telegraph The New York Times, December 15, 1871
^ The Grand Duke. Breakfast with the Mayor of Montreal The New York Times, December 16, 1871
^ The Grand Duke. Breakfast with the Mayor of Montréal New York Times, 16 December 1871
^ Royal part of Niagara Falls. Telegram from Queen Victoria to the New York Times December 25, 1871
Reappearance of the Grand ^ Duke Alexis of the Canadian Snow His future movements of the New York Times, December 23, 1871
^ Westward activity of the Grand Duke of Russia The New York Times, 27 December 1871
Chicago ^ The Grand Duke and New Year's Day The New York Times, January 4, 1872
^ About Carnival
Abcd ^ Norman E. Saul – Concord and Conflict: The United States and Russia, 1867-1914. University Press of Kansas, 1996, ISBN 978-0700607549
^ The Grand Duke Alexis arrived in Omaha, The New York Times, January 13, 1872
^ The Hunting of the Grand Duke Alexis
^ Buffalo hunt by the Grand Duke the New York Times January 14, 1872
^ Ab John Day – Buffalo Hunting – Chapter 29 Red Devils
^ Grand Duke liked to visit Topeka – Topeka Capital-Journal, The, May 21, 2001
^ The Grand Duke Alexis
William F. ^ Cody's Adventures Buffalo Bill Cosimo Classics, 2005 ISBN978-1596056275
^ Andreas' History of Nebraska
Buffalo hunt in Nebraska ^ by the Grand Duke Alexis Russia in 1872
^ When a Romanov Grand Duke Alexis a huntin: Russian came to Kansas in 1872 to go after the buffalo – By Bill Blankenship
^ Hunting the Grand Duke Alexis
^ Ab Walt Sehnert – The Grand Duke Alexis – McCook Gazette, Monday, December 31, 2007
^ Grand Duke Alexis Rendezvous
Abc ^
^ The Grand Duke Alexis. Cincinnati Redeeming the character of courtesy. The New York Times. January 29, 1872
^ The Grand Duke is going to Louisville, Ky The New York Times January 28, 1872
^ The Grand Duke Alexis. The New York Times January 30, 1872
^ Movements of the Grand Duke Alexis The New York Times. February 2, 1872
^ The Grand Duke Alexis was in Vicksburg yesterday The New York Times February 11, 1872
^ Arrival of the Grand Duke in the Crescent City. The New York Times February 13, 1872
Errol Laborde ^ – Mardi Gras History .- 2: First Bathurst
^ History of Mardi Gras in New Orleans
^ Ned Hmard – New Orleans Nostalgia "She was the daughter Stable Master"
^ Rex King of Carnival
^ Renee Kutcher – Mardi Gras brotherhoods www.miniature.net
^ New Orleans Know-It-All
^ Discovery West U.S.
^ Arrival of Grand Duke Alexis in Havana on New York Times, March 1, 1872
^ Arrival of the Grand Duke and his followers to eat state Havana. The New Times York March 1, 1872
^ Cuba: The Progress of the War – The New York Times, March 3, 1872
^ The Grand Duke Alexis in Havana "His arrival and reception in New York Times, March 11, 1872
Alexis ^;. The Grand Duke Stay in Havana – the ball at the Palace – A Sunday Cock Fight – A Trip To Matanzas – Theatre – A week of festivities. The Palace Ball. Trip to Matanzas. The Theatre. A bullfight. The Duke of departure. The New York Times, March 15, 1872
^ The Alexander Palace Time Machine
Brazil ^ – The New York Times, July 23, 1872
^ Arrival of Grand Duke Alexis in Cape Town. – The New York Times, August 24, 1872
^ South Africa: Visit the Grand Duke Alexis Cape Town closed – The New York Times, September 6, 1872
^ The arrival of the Grand Duke Alexis in Hong Kong. -The New York Times, September 18, 1872
^ China: Movements the Grand Duke Alexis. – The New York Times October 13, 1872
^ China: The Grand Duke Alexis-The New York Times, November 16, 1872
ab ^ State Council of Imperial Russia, 1902
^ Japan: Reception of the Grand Duke Alexis – The New York Times, December 17, 1872
^ .. –
^ Ab
Palace of the Duke Alexei Alexandrovich ^ Grand
Palace of the Duke Alexei Alexandrovich ^ Grand
^ Pepsi Nunes The evolution of the Imperial Russian Navy and the Grand Dukes 1850-1917 Atlantis Magazine, Vol.2, 2001 NR3-4., 2002 Vol.3, No. 1
Zeepvat ^ abc, Romanov Autumn, p. 150
^ Abcd Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 151
^ Romanov of Russia
^ ab Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 179
^ Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Journal of Great
References
Chavchavadze, David. The Grand Dukes. The Atlantic 1989. ISBN 0938311115
Ferrand, Jacques, natural progeny of the Supreme and Grand Dukes of Russia, 1762 1910: gnalogique directory, 1995.
Nunes, Pepsi, The Evolution Imperial Russian Navy and the Grand Dukes 18501917. Atlantis Magazine, Vol.2, 2001 Nr34., 2002 Vol.3, No. 1
Van Der Kiste, John. The Romanov 18181959. Sutton Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0-7509-2275-3.
Zeepvat, Charlotte. Romanov autumn. Sutton Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7509-2739-9
Ancestry
EV
Ancestors of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Russian
16. Peter III of Russia
8. Paul I of Russia
17. Catherine II of Russia
4. Nicolas I of Russia
18. Friedrich II Eugen, Duke of Wrttemberg
9. Sophie Dorothea of Wrttemburg
19. Friederike Dorothea of Brandenburg-Schwedt
2. Alexander II of Russia
20. Frederick William II of Prussia
10. Frederick William III of Prussia
21. Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt
5. Charlotte of Prussia
22. Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
11. Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
23. Friederike Caroline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt
1. Alexandrovich Grand Duke Alexei of Russia
24. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
12. Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse
25. Karoline of Zweibrcken
6. Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse
26. Georg Wilhelm of Hesse-Darmstadt
13. Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt
27. Luise of Leiningen-Heidesheim
3. Marie of Hesse and the Rhine
28. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden
14. Charles Louis of Baden
29. Karoline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt
7. Wilhelmine of Baden
30. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
15. Amelia of Hesse-Darmstadt
31. Karoline of Zweibrcken
EV
Grand Dukes of Russia
1st generation
Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich Petrovich Alexander Petrovich Paul Petrovitch Peter Petrovich Paul Petrovich Peter
2nd Generation
Peter II
3rd Generation
Peter III
4th generation
Paul I
5th Generation
Alexander I Pavlovich Constantine Pavlovich, Grand Duke Nicolas I Grand Duke Michael
6th generation
Alexander II Grand Duke Nicholas Constantin Nicholaevich Nicholaevich Nicholaevich Grand Duke Grand Duke Michael
7th Generation
Tsarevich Alexander Alexandrovich Nicolas Grand Duke Alexei III Alexandrovich Vladimir Alexandrovich Grand Duke Grand Duke Nicolas Nicolas Constantinovich Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Grand Nicholaevich Grand Duke Nicolas Constantinovich Duke Konstantin Mikhailovich Grand Duke Grand Duke Dimitri Alexandrovich Grand Duke Paul Constantinovich Grand Duke Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich Viacheslav Constantinovich Grand Duke George Mikhailovich Grand Duke Peter Nicholaevich Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich Sergei Mikhailovich Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich Grand Duke
8th generation
Nicolas Alexander II Grand Duke George Alexandrovich Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich Grand Duke Vladimirovich Grand Duke Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich Vladimirovich Andrew Constantinovich Grand Duke Jean * Grand Duke Gabriel Constantinovich * Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich
9th generation
Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Cyrillovich Grand Duke Vladimir
10th generation
Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich **
11th generation
Grand Duke George Mikhailovich **
* Born on the Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by Alexander III ukase of 1886, limiting the style only son grandchildren in male line from a czar
** Title granted by the Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrillovich
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